OPTION A — READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 TO 5.

WE MAY NEVER KNOW HOW MANY MIGRANTS DIED ERECTING THE QATAR WORLD CUP

The death of migrant workers erecting infrastructure for Qatar's World Cup over the past decade once again made headlines earlier this week. In an interview, Hassan al-Thawadi, secretary general of Qatar's World Cup organizing committee, told British TV presenter Piers Morgan that "around 400, between 400 and 500" migrants died. "I don't have the exact number. That's something that's been (line 4) discussed," he said. The estimate is drastically higher than any other that had been offered by Qatari (line 5) officials.

Yet the World Cup committee that al-Thawadi leads swiftly retracted that comment, echoing prior Qatari statements that 37 non-work related migrant deaths and three work-related ones took place from 2.014 to 2.020. Rights groups have criticized both estimates, which devalue the human tragedy of the tournament. (line 10)

"Companies are going out of their way to make sure that independent labor inspectors do not find these workers, so they try to hide the treatment of them," says Mustafa Qadri, founder and executive director of Equidem, a labor rights consultancy reporting on the ground in Qatar. "So if that's how workers are treated in terms of forced labor, it raises questions around the death [toll] as well." (line 14)

Did 6,500 migrant workers die erecting the World Cup? In 2.021, The Guardian reported that at (line 15) least 6,500 migrant workers died in Qatar since it won the right to host the World Cup a decade ago. However, in an Oct. 15 Twitter thread, Marc Owen Jones, an associate professor at Hamid Bin Khalifa University in Doha, called the headline of the piece misleading and said it was the "MOST RETWEETED article about the Qatar world cup in English," sharing a summary of tweets in one post. "The 6,500 figure actually refers to all deaths of migrant workers from Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, India, (line 20) and Bangladesh, regardless of cause," he said.

Max Tuñón, head of the U.N.'s International Labour Organization (ILO) office in Doha, which carried out a 2.021 analysis of data on occupational deaths and injuries in Qatar, says determining the number of deaths is complicated for a number of reasons. (line 24) (Fragment adapted from Time.)

OPTION B — READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 TO 5.

HOW PATRIOT MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEM COULD CHANGE UKRAINE WAR

The United States is reportedly about to send Patriot missiles batteries to Ukraine following Kyiv's repeated requests for more help to shoot down Russia's constant missile attacks. (line 2) With Washington likely to approve the deal this week, this will be the most advanced surface-to-air missile the U.S. has provided Ukraine, although it has given Kyiv other significant military aid, including High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems, or HIMARS. (line 5)

It comes as Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky reiterates his calls to Western leaders for (line 6) high-tech air defense following Russia's targeting of civilian and energy infrastructure using missiles and Iranian-supplied drones. Once approved, the Patriots are expected to be shipped quickly and Ukrainian forces will be trained to use them at a U.S. base in Grafenwoehr, Germany.

Considered one of the most capable long-range weapons to defend against incoming ballistic and (line 10) cruise missiles, the Patriots will be able to shoot down Russian missiles and aircraft far from their intended targets inside Ukraine. A ground-based, mobile missile defense interceptor, the Patriot system can detect, track, and engage drones, cruise missiles, and short-range or tactical ballistic missiles, according to the Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance (MDAA). The systems have been combat tested in the Middle East during Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom and have been used to down more than (line 15) 100 tactical ballistic missiles in combat operations.

The Patriot system consists of a radar set, an engagement control station, missile launchers, as well as Patriot missiles. The radar can detect and track more than 100 targets and has a range of over 65 miles.

Former British military intelligence officer Philip Ingram said the Patriot missile system will be a significant help for Ukraine, not least because of "the psychological effect on the Russians." "It will (line 20) almost certainly be used to protect major cities such as Kyiv and Lviv and the power facilities around (line 21) them," he said. (Fragment adapted from Newsweek.)