Part 1: Listening comprehension. COUNTING THE BUGS AND BACTERIA, YOU ARE NEVER HOME ALONE. In this radio programme you are going to hear some new words. Read and listen to them. Make sure you know what they mean. microbe: microbi / microbio. showerhead: ruixador de la dutxa / alcachofa de ducha. moist: humit / humedo. to breed: criar. QUESTIONS: Choose the best answer according to the recording. Only ONE answer is correct. [3 points: 0.375 points for each correct answer. Wrong answers will be penalized by deducting 0.125 points. There is no penalty for unanswered questions.] 1. Different species: a) move across houses hundreds of thousands of times b) live in different habitats in our homes c) study every building alive d) include little different habitats. 2. Professor Dunn: a) began his career studying rainforests b) started off his career studying homes in rainforests c) began his career discovering jungles in Bolivia, Ghana and Australia d) started off his career finding homes in jungles. 3. Which of these sentences is NOT true? a) Traditional home conditions were similar to the conditions outdoors b) Freezers and ovens in modern homes replicate extreme environment conditions c) Some little structures in traditional homes create really extreme habitats for species d) In modern homes, some structures duplicate extreme environments. 4. Some microbes: a) live in hot water heaters b) are similar to hot water taps and boilers c) grow on people when taking a hot shower d) harm people when taking a hot shower. 5. According to professor Dunn: a) taking a shower is more risky than shaking hands b) people should stop shaking hands c) the world is full of dangerous things d) life surrounds us. 6. Which of these sentences is TRUE? a) Antibacterial soaps and hand sanitizers are not used by a lot of people b) Antibacterial soaps work much better than soap and water c) Soap and water does not save millions of lives d) Soap and water destroy pathogens on our hands. 7. Heat and air conditioning systems: a) rarely contain microbes b) grow species we know much about c) can breed lots of microbes d) cause an increase in bacterial diseases. 8. Professor Dunn looks forward: a) to creating homes with species that benefit us b) to having houses with gardens to our benefit c) to pushing out species that benefit us from our gardens d) to filling homes with gardens that benefit us.

Part 2: Reading comprehension. HUGE REDUCTIONS IN MEAT-EATING ESSENTIAL TO AVOID CLIMATE BREAKDOWN. Huge reductions in meat-eating are essential to avoid dangerous climate change, according to one of the most comprehensive analyses of the food system's impact on the environment. In Western countries, the study states that beef consumption needs to fall by 90% and be replaced by five times more beans and peas. The research also finds that enormous changes to farming are needed to avoid destroying the planet's ability to feed the 10 billion people expected to be on the planet in a few decades. Food production already causes great damage to the environment, via greenhouse gases from livestock, deforestation and water shortages from farming, and vast dead zones in oceans from agricultural pollution. But without action, its impact will get far worse as the world population rises by 2.3 billion people by 2.050. At the same time, global income is increasing, enabling more people to eat meat-rich Western-style diets. The new study follows the publication of a UN report in which the world's leading scientists warned there are just 12 years in which to keep global warming under 1.5 C, beyond which even half a degree will significantly worsen the risks of drought, floods and extreme heat. The report said consuming less meat and dairy products (like eggs and cheese) was important. Nevertheless, current trends are in the opposite direction. The new research, published in the journal Nature, is the most thorough to date and combined data from many countries to evaluate the impact of food production on the global environment. About a third of food produced today never reaches the table. The researchers recommended a global shift to a flexitarian diet in order to keep climate change under 2 C. This flexitarian diet means drastic changes for many people: the average European or American would need to eat 75% less beef, 90% less pork and half the number of eggs, while tripling consumption of legumes such as beans, peas, and lentils and quadrupling that of nuts and seeds. This would cut emissions from livestock by 50%, and better management of manure would enable further cuts. In contrast to what needs to occur in the U.S. and Europe, the millions of people in poor nations who are undernourished need to eat a little more meat and dairy. Reducing meat consumption might be achieved by a mix of education, taxes, subsidies for plant-based foods and changes to school and workplace menus, the scientists said. To prevent deforestation, water shortages and pollution from overuse of fertiliser, they recommend profound changes in farming practices. Ultimately, we live on a finite planet, with finite resources. It is a myth to imagine that there is a technological solution allowing us to produce as much food as we might ever want. QUESTIONS: Choose the best answer according to the text. Only ONE answer is correct. [3 points: 0.375 points for each correct answer. Wrong answers will be penalized by deducting 0.125 points.] 1-8 multiple choice questions on the text.

Part 3: Writing. Choose ONE topic. Your answer should be 125-150 words in length. There is no specific penalty for exceeding 150 words in length. Extra points are not given for exceeding 150 words. [4 points] 1. Governments often try to influence what people choose to eat or drink by taxing some foods and beverages more than others. For example, sugary drinks have an extra tax on them in many places (Catalonia included), and the sale of alcoholic drinks is controlled by governments in most countries and highly taxed in many. The reading comprehension text suggests that meat should be taxed more in order to reduce the amount of meat people eat. Should governments try to influence our dietary habits? Write a for-and-against essay. 2. Reality television is extremely popular in many countries. Why are reality shows so successful? Write an opinion essay. 3. Many authors have written about time travel, and there have been several successful films about it, too. If you could time travel, would you visit the past or the future? Where would you go, and why? Write an essay about your ideal time travel experience.